全文获取类型
收费全文 | 16629篇 |
免费 | 1260篇 |
国内免费 | 2530篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 2573篇 |
废物处理 | 333篇 |
环保管理 | 2731篇 |
综合类 | 9535篇 |
基础理论 | 1423篇 |
环境理论 | 9篇 |
污染及防治 | 1104篇 |
评价与监测 | 772篇 |
社会与环境 | 1094篇 |
灾害及防治 | 845篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 33篇 |
2023年 | 251篇 |
2022年 | 446篇 |
2021年 | 608篇 |
2020年 | 636篇 |
2019年 | 475篇 |
2018年 | 394篇 |
2017年 | 559篇 |
2016年 | 645篇 |
2015年 | 680篇 |
2014年 | 774篇 |
2013年 | 952篇 |
2012年 | 1124篇 |
2011年 | 1247篇 |
2010年 | 866篇 |
2009年 | 968篇 |
2008年 | 703篇 |
2007年 | 1126篇 |
2006年 | 1131篇 |
2005年 | 995篇 |
2004年 | 873篇 |
2003年 | 821篇 |
2002年 | 711篇 |
2001年 | 603篇 |
2000年 | 552篇 |
1999年 | 524篇 |
1998年 | 349篇 |
1997年 | 289篇 |
1996年 | 191篇 |
1995年 | 190篇 |
1994年 | 155篇 |
1993年 | 149篇 |
1992年 | 96篇 |
1991年 | 56篇 |
1990年 | 37篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 27篇 |
1987年 | 16篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 12篇 |
1984年 | 20篇 |
1983年 | 16篇 |
1982年 | 12篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 15篇 |
1979年 | 14篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1973年 | 7篇 |
1972年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 812 毫秒
941.
942.
An indispensable asset at risk: merits and needs of chemicals-related environmental sciences 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
943.
Siedlecka EM Stepnowski P 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(4):453-458
Background, aim, and scope Ionic liquids are regarded as essentially “green” chemicals because of their insignificant vapor pressure and, hence, are
a good alternative to the emissions of toxic conventional volatile solvents. Not only because of their attractive industrial
applications, but also due to their very high stability, ionic liquids could soon become persistent contaminants of technological
wastewaters and, moreover, break through into natural waters following classical treatment systems. The removal of harmful
organic pollutants has forced the development of new methodologies known as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Among them,
the Fenton and Fenton-like reactions are usually modified by the use of a higher hydrogen peroxide concentration and through
different catalysts. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on degradation rates
in a Fenton-like system of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids with alkyl chains of varying length and 3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride.
Materials and methods The ionic liquids were oxidized in dilute aqueous solution in the presence of two different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide.
All reactions were performed in the dark to prevent photoreduction of Fe(III). The concentrations of ionic liquids during
the process were monitored with high-performance liquid chromatography. Preliminary degradation pathways were studied with
the aid of 1H NMR.
Results Degradation of ionic liquids in this system was quite effective. Increasing the H2O2 concentration from 100 to 400 mM improved ionic liquid degradation from 57–84% to 87–100% after 60 min reaction time. Resistance
to degradation was weaker, the shorter the alkyl chain.
Discussion The compound omimCl was more resistant to oxidation then other compounds, which suggests that the oxidation rates of imidazolium
ionic liquids by OH· are structure-dependent and are correlated with the n-alkyl chain length substituted at the N-1-position. The level of degradation was dependent on the type of head group. Replacing
the imidazolium head group with pyridinium increased resistance to degradation. Nonetheless, lengthening the alkyl chain from
four to eight carbons lowered the rate of ionic liquid degradation to a greater extent than changing the head group from imidazolium
to pyridinium. 1H-NMR spectra show, in the first stage of degradation, that it is likely that radical attack is nonspecific,
with any one of the carbon atoms in the ring and the n-alkyl chain being susceptible to attack.
Conclusions The proposed method has proven to be an efficient and reliable method for the degradation of imidazolium ionic liquids by
a Fenton-like reagent deteriorated with lengthening n-alkyl substituents and by replacing the imidazolium head group with pyridinium. The enhanced resistance of 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium
chloride when the resistance of imidazolium ionic liquids decreases with increasing H2O2 concentration is probably indicative of a change in the degradation mechanism in a vigorous Fenton-like system. H-NMR spectra
showed, in the first stage of degradation, that radical attack is nonspecific, with any one of the carbon atoms in the ring
and the n-alkyl chain being susceptible to attack.
Recommendations and perspectives Since ionic liquids are now one of the most promising alternative chemicals of the future, the degradation and waste management
studies should be integrated into a general development research of these chemicals. In the case of imidazolium and pyridinium
ionic liquids that are known to be resistant to bio- or thermal degradation, studies in the field of AOPs should assist the
future structural design as well as tailor the technological process of these chemicals 相似文献
944.
为了解2种新分离微藻的净化和资源化潜力,研究比较了其生长、氮磷去除和营养特性。结果表明,栅藻和月牙藻的最大生物量(干重)分别为0.78g/L和0.53g/L;最大生物量(干重)增长速率分别为0.05g/(L·d)和0.03g/(L·d)。培养至第23天,栅藻和月牙藻对TN的去除率分别为85.1%和72.5%;对TP的去除率为82.6%和79.7%,但栅藻较月牙藻更易释放较多的No2--N进入藻液。稳定期时,栅藻、月牙藻的粗蛋白质含量和粗蛋白产量(干重)分别为31.8%、19.2%和0.24g/L、0.09g/L;粗脂含量和粗脂产量(干重)分别为7.81%、9.26%和0.06g/L、0.05g/L。综上,与月牙藻相比,栅藻具有明显的生长、氮磷去除和营养优势,在进行水产养殖废水的净化和资源化利用上可作为优选藻种。 相似文献
945.
本文介绍了可靠性标准体系与参数体系,可靠性的分析与设计方法,可靠性试验的发展趋势,指出可靠性管理是产品可靠性工作的核心,以及提高电子设备可靠性的发展策略。 相似文献
946.
947.
Castello L Viana JP Watkins G Pinedo-Vasquez M Luzadis VA 《Environmental management》2009,43(2):197-209
Fishers and small-scale fisheries worldwide have been marginalized historically. Now it is clear that integrating fishers
in management processes is key to resource conservation, but it is less clear how to do it. Here, based on a literature review and new information, we present and analyze a case in which the participation
of fishers in the management process was crucial in recovering an overexploited small-scale fishery for the pirarucu (Arapaima spp.) in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. In 8 years of experimental management, from 1999 to 2006, the population of pirarucu increased
9-fold (from about 2200 to 20,650 individuals), harvest quotas increased 10-fold (from 120 to 1249 individuals), and fishers’
participation in the management process increased and they benefited from increased monetary returns. Additionally, the number
of communities conducting the management scheme increased from 4 in 1999 to 108 in 2006, following the demands of fishers
and regional government agencies. Based on our analysis, we suggest that the participation of fishers in the management of
other small-scale fisheries in the world can be improved by focusing on (1) applying the knowledge and skills of fishers in
resource monitoring and management, (2) bridging knowledge systems among all involved stakeholders, (3) collaborating with
fishers that are interested in, and capable of conducting, resource conservation schemes, and (4) conducting management under
conditions of uncertainty. 相似文献
948.
固定化微生物技术在印染废水处理方面的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从固定化方法、固定化载体以及固定化微生物的选择等方面全面系统地介绍了固定化微生物技术处理印染废水的研究进展及应用现状,并展望了固定化微生物技术应用前景。 相似文献
949.
Iron and steel manufacture has been ranked as the largest industrial source of environmental contamination in the USA; the wastes generated in their production processes contain heavy elements that can be a source of contamination, and natural radionuclides that can produce an occupational and/or public radiological impact. In this work the potential occupational effective dose rate (μSv/y) due to inhalation in four integrated steel-making factories from Egypt has been evaluated, by assuming a well defined scenario and with basis in the 210Pb and 210Po activity concentrations determined in ore and wastes collected in the aforementioned factories. Activity concentrations, in Bq/kg, of 210Pb and 210Po, and leachable Pb and Fe were measured using gamma-ray spectrometry based on HPGe detector, alpha particle spectrometry based on PIPS detector, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Levels of 210Pb and 210Po in the range of <DL-4238 and 1-5660 Bq/kg, respectively, were found. According to the assumed scenarios, the occupational exposures by inhalation are much lower than the recommended annual effective dose limit, although the environmental impact due to waste storage and/or use should be considered based on case by case evaluation. 相似文献
950.
晋海 《中国人口.资源与环境》2009,19(6)
近年来,我国"城市环境趋向好转,农村环境不断恶化"这种城乡环境二元趋势的凸现,提出了城乡环保一体化的客观要求."城市中心主义"环境法制以及我国农民实质自由的严重匮乏是我国产生城乡环境二元趋势的根本原因.一些地方所采取的仅仅局限于环保领域的城乡环保一体化措施,并不能从根本上扭转城乡环境二元趋势.城乡环保一体化实践需要以更为全面的制度建构为基础.城乡环保一体化的制度建构应树立理性、人本、自由等基本理念,应坚持整体推进、科学建构、多元参与等基本原则.城乡环保一体化的制度建构路径,首先是消除对农民的各种制度性歧视,实现城乡居民的权利平等;其次,在推动地方民主与法治建设,推进司法体制改革、建立司法审查制度的基础上,健全与完善农民权利实现的保障机制,保证农民的各项权利最终成为"可实际行使"的权利.最后,还要建立适应农村环境保护要求的环境法制. 相似文献